This book focuses on recent advances in nanostructured and nanophase materials and their applications. Nanostructured materials consist of domains of less than 100nm and include atom clusters and cluster assemblies, one- and two-dimensionally modulated layers and three-dimensional structures. The term 'nanophase' refers to structures comprised of domains or particles of a single material that are typically less than 100nm, whereas 'nanocomposite' refers to a composite of more than one nanophase. Nanoscale materials can be engineered as homogeneous or porous ceramics, metals, metal oxides, semiconductors, organic polymers, or as composite materials containing these components. This book brings together scientists from many disciplines to share and discuss advances in the field. Topics include: nanophase materials; nanocomposite materials; nanoporous materials; nanostructured materials; applications and properties of nanostructured materials; carbon nanotubes; nanostructured thin films and coatings; and theoretical and modeling studies of nanostructured materials.