Most people in Africa depend on biomass, principally woodfuel, as a source of energy. The book discusses the problems of fuel scarcity and greenhouse gas emissions associated with biomass energy, and the policy options for addressing them, in Botswana and Rwanda. The case studies draw on original in-country surveys and the existing literature. The two Botswana studies address the implications of the fuelwood problem, including its contribution to deforestation. The Rwanda studies examine the seasonal and spatial variation of biomass energy consumption.