In the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), the EU has sought to implement a number of policy goals, including a new tribunal mechanism for resolving investment disputes, more precision in the wording of legal standards of protection in order to achieve better consistency in decision-making, and the inclusion of requirements on conflicts of interest of arbitrators and transparency of proceedings.


This book provides a comprehensive article-by-article commentary on these ground-breaking agreements and Regulations, deconstructing the legal issues and providing practical insights. With a broader legal framework also in place in the form of three EU Regulations which underpin the investment protection law framework, the work also provides commentary on (i) Regulation (EU) No 912/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 July 2014 establishing a framework for managing financial responsibility linked to investor-to-state dispute settlement tribunals established by international agreements to which the European Union is party, (ii) Regulation (EU) 1219/2012 establishing transitional arrangements for bilateral investment agreements between EU countries and non-EU countries and (iii) Regulation (EU) 2019/452 establishing a framework for screening of foreign direct investments into the European Union.