The nineteenth century produced dozens of independent designers, particularly towards the end of the period. As the furniture trade developed, so manufacturers and retailing split. Catalogues began to be used in retail shops as they are today. Competition between retailers and the use of the new design books resulted in a large number of designs, not only new ones but also a constant looking backwards to earlier centuries for inspiration. This change in the structure of the industry made full use of highly individual interpretations of Gothic, Renaissance, Elizabethan, Naturalistic styles, Egyptian, Old French, Louis XIV, Louis XV and Italian decorations, all applied to a wide variety of furniture. The complexity of the subject is best explained by a very large number of illustrations and this is the reason why some 6,000 appear within this book. The Dictionary is made up from forty-nine contemporary design and pattern books issued by manufacturers such as Heal s, Smith, Tatham, King, Pugin, M