Since at least the time of Justinian—under statutes, codes of judicial ethics, and the common law—judges have been expected to recuse themselves from cases in which they might have a stake. Thesame holds true for the justices of the US Supreme Court. For instance, there were calls for Ruth Bader Ginsburg and ElenaKagan, both of whom had officiated at gay weddings, to recuse themselves from the recent marriage equality case, Obergefell v.Hodges. Even a case like this, where no justice bowed out, reveals what a tricky ethical issue recusal can be. But as Louis J.Virelli demonstrates in this provocative work, recusal at the Supreme Court also presents questions of constitutional power. Disqualifying the High Court shows that our current understanding of how and when justices should recuse themselves is at odds with our constitutional design.

Viewing recusal through a constitutional lens, Virelli reveals new and compelling information about how justices should decide recusal questions and, in turn, how our government should function morebroadly. Along the way he traces the roots and development of federal recusal law in America from as early as the Roman Empire up to the present day. The Supreme Court’s unique place at the top of the judicial branch protects the justices from some forms of congressional interference. Virelli argues that constitutional law, in particular the separation of powers, prohibits Congress from regulating the recusal practices of the Supreme Court. Instead thosedecisions must be left to the justices themselves, grounded in principles of due process—assuring parties fair treatment bythe judicial system—and balanced against the justices’ rights to free speech.

Along with the clarity it brings to this highly controversial issue, Virelli’s work also offers insight into constitutional problems presented by separation of powers. It will inform our evolving understanding of theory and practice in the American judicialsystem.