This publication presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Radiation Protection in Medicine: Setting the Scene for the Next Decade. The aims were to indicate gaps in current approaches to radiation protection in medicine; identify tools for improving radiation protection in medicine; review advances, challenges and opportunities in the field; and assess the impact of the international action plan for the radiation protection of patients, in order to prepare new international recommendations. The Conference drew up the 10-point Bonn Call for Action, which identifies responsibilities of and proposes priorities for stakeholders regarding radiation protection in medicine for the next decade.