1918. Moses Hess, a fascinating 19th-century German Jewish intellectual figure, was at times religious and secular, traditional and modern, practical and theoretical, socialist and nationalist. He was responsible for converting Engels to communism, and he early introduced Marx to social and economic problems. In Rome and Jerusalem, he imagines a new Jewry, one progressive and traditional, religious and socialist, nationalist and humanitarian. Hess also declared that the freeing and uniting of humanity was the mission of the Jewish people and urged the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.