Rich with case studies and assorted examples, this brief, targeted text is dedicated to helping future teachers address the cognitive needs of children in Grades 1-6 who do not understand mathematical concepts and/or are not as skillful as they should be with those concepts. The authors present a systematic, three-step approach to assess students' math strengths and weaknesses and plan instruction accordingly. This involves: 1) using the Data Analysis Sheet (DAS) to assess and record learners' skills and error patterns; 2) complete a Mathematics Improvement Plan (MIP) with specific instructional approaches to improve skills students need; and, 3) set up the activities and intervention strategies to improve student performance. This approach allows teachers to meet individual needs.