The Douze Études display all the wealth of Villa-Lobos’ polyedric cultural influences, that extend from Bach’s music to Chopin’s romantic lyricism, finally touching on Brazil’s traditional music, through either its urban form or its African and Amazonian influences in the last études. The present critical edition of the Douze Études, edited by Frédéric Zigante, offers a more reliable restitution of the author’s intentions, in particular regarding the fingerings, as well as an update of the sources.