Today’s petroleum prices and supply concerns have led to increased interest in biobased surfactants and detergents, which can outperform synthetic, petroleum-derived surfactants in areas related to biodegradability, biocompatibility, and sustainability. This book provides an overview of biobased surfactants under development, exploring R&D in the industrial sector. Several chapters describe the state of the art in biosurfactants and natural amphiphiles synthesized by microorganisms, including their synthesis and applications. An additional focus area is on the application of biobased surfactants as lung surfactants. Other chapters describe the chemical and enzymatic synthesis and applications consisting of polyols derived from nature.