The problems of determining the surface temperature and the surface heat flux, the capacity of the heat transfer coefficient from transient temperature measurements at one or more locations are frequently arising in many practical engineering contexts. These so-called inverse heat conduction problems (IHCPs) have been extensively studied over the last 30 years. This book starts with an up-to-date overview on the subject. It is mainly devoted to solvability criteria for IHCPs as well as efficient and stable solution methods like mollification methods, variational and iterative methods.