This book is a challenging re-evaluation of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, a seminal event in the late Ottoman Empire and in the emergence of the modern nation-states in the Middle East and Balkans. Breaking new ground, the book describes how the practical considerations forced the Young Turks to sacrifice many of their plans for social transformation. The book includes extensive new research from archives throughout Europe and the Middle East and will prove indispensable to anyone working on the political, intellectual, and social history of the Ottoman Empire and of the states that were established on its ruins.