This volume aims at bridging a gap in contemporary scientific military leadership research regarding leadership in challenging situations. Today’s leaders face challenging situations in a complex world, in ‘old’ as well as in ‘new’ missions worldwide. The main purpose of this book is to provide knowledge as well as empirical data on leadership performance and experiences and to discuss a wide variety of leadership issues under extreme and challenging conditions. The approach is inter-disciplinary; therefore this volume comprises articles ranging from meta-level analysis, experiences gained in the field, ideal doctrine versus disappointing malpractice up to the level of international politics.