This volume of comparative essays analyses key lessons from the reform experiences-agricultural and rural-of India and China and provide policy insights for the continuing reform processes in these two countries as well as for other developing and transition economies. The volume provides factual information on initial conditions in agriculture, changes that have occurred over time, and policies in the two countries. It demonstrates how agriculture-led reform and development provides necessary conditions for manufacturing and service sectors to grow and reform along with a reduction in poverty at the same rate of growth. The comparative analyses extends across the areas of: land reforms; human and social development; public investment; agricultural R&D; irrigation and the water sector; domestic agricultural marketing; WTO and agricultural trade liberalization; agricultural and rural diversification; rural non-farm sector; and anti-poverty programs and safety nets.