Phytoremediation is the use of green plants and their associated microbiota, soil amendments, and agronomic techniques to remove, contain, or render harmless environmental contaminants. It is an emerging technology which offers a potentially cost-effective and environmentally sound alternative to the environmentally destructive physical methods which are currently practised for the cleanup of contaminated groundwater, terrestrial soil, sediments, and sludge. This handbook presents current research from around the globe in the study of Phytoremediation including such topics as the application of Phytoremediation technologies for water decontamination from persistent organic pollutants; Phytoremediation of uranium contaminated soils; Phytoremediation using constructed mangrove wetlands; the phytoextraction capability of maize and sunflowers; and the phytoremediative processes occurring in salt marshes.