This book constitutes the Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter, Baltimore, Maryland USA, 2005. The volume embodies the most recent research on shock compression of condensed matter and includes 363 plenary, invited, and contributed papers, all peer-reviewed. Topics include: equations of state, phase transitions, chemical reactions, warm dense matter, fracture, geophysics and planetary science, energetic materials, optical studies, and more.