This publication highlights the alarming pace of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation and the consequent negative impacts on poverty and health. It makes a compelling case for re-examining food systems and developing and promoting strategies for sustainable diets, emphasizing the positive role of food biodiversity in human nutrition and poverty alleviation. The contents of this book were presented at the International Scientific Symposium on Biodiversity and Sustainable Diets, organized by FAO and Biodiversity International, and held at FAO, Rome, from 3 to 5 November 2010.