The study of operator algebras, which grew out of von Neumann's work in the 1920s and 30s on modelling quantum mechanics, has in recent years experienced tremendous growth and vitality, with significant applications in other areas both within mathematics and in other fields. For this reason, and because of the existence of a strong Canadian school in the subject, the topic was a natural candidate for an emphasis year at The Fields Institute. This volume is the second selection of papers that arose from the seminars and workshops of a year-long program, Operator Algebras and Applications, that took place at The Fields Institute. Topics covered include the classification of amenable C*-algebras, lifting theorems for completely positive maps, and automorphisms of von Neumann algebras of type III.