In this issue of Anesthesiology Clinics, guest editors Drs. Neal H. Cohen and Gail van Norman bring their considerable expertise to the topic of Ethical Approaches to the Practice of Anesthesiology - Part 2: Ethical Constructs that Impact Health Policy, Research, and Professional Integrity. In this second of a two-part series, top experts discuss topics such as health equity and social determinants of health; diversity and inclusion in anesthesia practice; ethical principles of clinical and translational research; ethics and controversies in animal subjects research and impact on clinical decision-making; falsification and fabrication in research data; and more.