The international fragmentation of current production processes has led to an explosion of trade in intermediate products, indirectly impacting jobs, income, resources, energy, and emissions. Much of what is consumed is produced via global value chains contributing to climate change via carbon dioxide emissions. The editors comprehensively present research that has advanced the state of the art in input-output analysis over the past two decades, along with an original introduction. Also provided is analysis of the complex interdependent international production structures and their links to social inequality and the environment, which has led to a demand for international input-output tables.