1913. In this volume, the author defines twelve principles by which efficiency is determined. Five of these concern relations between men, or in the industrial problem, specifically between employer and employee. Seven of them concern methods or institutions and systems established in the manufacturing plant or in the operating and distributing company. These twelve principles are so definite, so constant, so true, that they may be used as gauges. Any industry, any establishment, and operation, may be located and measured by the amount of its failure to conform to one or more of the twelve principles.