Glial cells, including microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and their progenitors NG2-glia, serve as key players in maintaining structural integrity and complex brain homeostasis. They actively participate in neurotransmission, energy metabolism, synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, ion balance, immune defense, and the clearance of neuronal debris. However, the physiological functions of glial cells are often compromised in aging, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ALS, and multiple sclerosis, as well as in gliomas, which are brain tumors that demand specialized understanding for effective therapeutic interventions. Physiology and Function of Glial Cells in Health and Disease provides a comprehensive exploration of the vital role played by glial cells in maintaining neural homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS). This book delves into the intricate interaction between glial cells and neurons, shedding light on their essential contributions to neural function and overall brain health. Each chapter of this enlightening book delves into specific aspects of glial cell function and their interaction with neurons, unveiling fascinating insights into the mechanisms underlying various brain abnormalities. From exploring the classification and functions of glial cells in the mature CNS to investigating the role of astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive processes, this book offers a comprehensive overview of the field. Readers will gain a deep understanding of the intricate relationship between glial cells and neurons, paving the way for novel therapeutic approaches to address neurodegenerative diseases, neurological disorders, gliomas, and metabolic conditions. The book also highlights emerging research on astrocyte reprogramming for the management of neurodegenerative diseases, offering a glimpse into potential future therapies. This book serves as an essential resource for researchers, clinicians, and students in the field of neuroscience. With in-depth discussions and cutting-edge insights, this research publication is a valuable reference for anyone seeking a thorough understanding of the role of glial cells in both health and disease.