Marine debris is a serious environmental problem. To do its part, the United States has agreed to abide by the international treaty for garbage control at sea, known as MARPOL 73/78 Annex V.


Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans explores the challenge of translating Annex V into workable laws and regulations for all kinds of ships and boats, from cruise ships to fishing crafts and recreational boats. The volume examines how existing resources can be leveraged into a comprehensive strategy for compliance, including integrated waste management systems and effective enforcement.


Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans describes both progress toward and obstacles to Annex V compliance. The book covers:




How shipborne garbage orignates and what happens to garbage discharged into the seas.
Effects of discharge on human health, wildlife safety, and aesthetics.
Differences in perspective among military, industrial, and recreational seafarers and shoreside facilities.


Clean Ships, Clean Ports, Clean Oceans will be important to marine policymakers, port administrators, ship operations officers, maritime engineers, and marine ecologists.

Table of Contents


Front Matter
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
FATES AND EFFECTS OF MARINE DEBRIS
THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
OVERARCHING ISSUES
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT ACTION
National Leadership
Coast Guard
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Maritime Administration (MARAD)
1 Dimensions of the Challenge and U.S. Progress
INTERNATIONAL AND U.S. MANDATES
PROGRESS IN U.S. IMPLEMENTATION OF ANNEX V
U.S. Navy Compliance
State Initiatives
Pilot Programs by Community and Environmental Groups
Special Situations: The Gulf of Mexico
THE CHALLENGES AHEAD
REFERENCES
2 Sources, Fates, and Effects of Shipborne Garbage
IDENTIFYING VESSEL GARBAGE IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
SOURCES OF SHIPBORNE GARBAGE
Recreational Boats
Commercial Fisheries
Cargo Ships
Small Public Vessels
Offshore Industry Rigs, Platforms, and Supply Vessels
Passenger Cruise Ships
Research Vessels
General Observations
Implications for Special Areas
Implications for Implementation of Annex V
Human Health Problems
Ecological Effects
Entanglement of Marine Animals
Ingestion of Plastics by Marine Species
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
3 Implementation
HAZARD EVOLUTION MODEL
Interventions to Remedy the Hazard
Technological Innovations
Organizational and Operational Changes
Educational Communication
Economic Incentives
Application of the Model to the Seafarer Communities
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
4 Elements of an Implementation Strategy
INTRODUCTION
Intelligence
Analysis of Interventions
Intelligence
Control
Analysis of Interventions
Intelligence
Control
Analysis of Interventions
Intelligence
Intelligence
Control
Intelligence
Control
Analysis of Interventions
Control
Analysis of Interventions
Intelligence
Analysis of Interventions
Intelligence
Control
Analysis of Interventions
REFERENCES
5 Integrating Vessel and Shoreside Garbage Management
PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED WASTE MANAGEMENT
Source Reduction
On-Board Storage
Shoreside Recycling
Compactors
Comminuters, Pulpers, and Shredders
Incinerators
Enhancing Shipboard Technology Development and Use
GARBAGE MANAGEMENT IN PORTS
Garbage Management Strategies
ENHANCING THE VESSEL GARBAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Quarantine Requirements
Port Accountability
Liability
Who Should Pay?
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
6 Education and Training
Public Awareness Campaigns
Management Education and Training
EXPERIENCE BASE RELATED TO ANNEX V
Marine Debris Information Offices
Efforts Targeting Boaters
Port Projects
Efforts Involving Industry
Public Awareness Programs
Information Exchange
A MODEL ANNEX V EDUCATION AND TRAINING PROGRAM
Leadership
Secure Funding
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP
U.S. ENFORCEMENT OF ANNEX V
Clarify Extent of Port State Authorities
Simplify Handling of Civil Cases
Track and Punish Repeat Violators
Monitor Garbage Handling Practices
Surveillance by Ship Operators
ISSUES RELATED TO SPECIAL AREAS
Implementation of Annex V in the Wider Caribbean
SUMMARY
REFERENCES
8 Measuring Progress in Implementation of Annex V
RECORD KEEPING AS A MEASURE OF IMPLEMENTATION
Assessing Annex V Implementation Internationally
Surveys of Beach Debris
Monitoring Trends in Biological Impacts
Monitoring Plastics in the Marine Environment
Benthic Surveys of Plastic Debris
Data Collection and Management
REFERENCES
9 National Strategy
IDENTIFYING AND EVALUATING STRATEGIES AND TACTICS
Recreational Boats and Their Marinas
Commercial Fisheries and Their Fleet Ports
Cargo Ships and Their Itinerary Ports
Passenger Day Boats, Ferries, and Their Terminals
Small Public Vessels and Their Home Ports
Offshore Platforms, Rigs, Supply Vessels, and Their Shore Bases
Navy Surface Combatant Vessels and Their Home Ports
Passenger Cruise Ships and Their Itinerary Ports
Research Vessels and Their Ports of Call
10 Federal Action to Improve Implementation of Annex V
SCIENTIFIC MONITORING
VESSEL/SHORE INTERFACE
ON-BOARD TECHNOLOGIES
ENFORCEMENT
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
NATIONAL LEADERSHIP
APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A Committee on Shipborne Wastes Biographical Information
Regulation 1
Regulation 4
Regulation 5
Regulation 6
Regulation 7
1 Introduction and definitions
2 Training, education and information
3 Minimizing the amount of potential garbage
4 Shipboard garbage handling and storage procedures
5 Shipboard equipment for processing garbage
6 Port reception facilities for garbage
7 Ensuring compliance with Annex V
Appendix Form for reporting alleged inadequacy of port reception facilities for garbage
Revised Guidelines for the Implementation of Annex V of MARPOL 73/78
1 Scope
2 Definitions
3 Materials and manufacture
4 Operating requirements
5 Operating controls
7 Tests
9 Marking
Minimum information to be provided
A2 - Fire protection requirements for incinerators and waste stowage spaces
A4 - Flue gas temperature
Annex
APPENDIX C The International Law of the Sea: Implications for Annex V Implementation
COASTAL STATE AUTHORITIES
PORT STATE CONTROL
MORE GENERAL OBLIGATIONS
STRENGTHENING THE FORCE OF IMO RULES
APPENDIX D Time Line for U.S. Implementation of Annex V
Antarctic Ocean
The Baltic Sea
Caribbean Sea
Gulf of Mexico
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
REFERENCES
ENTANGLEMENT OF MARINE SPECIES
INGESTION OF PLASTICS BY MARINE SPECIES
GHOST FISHING
REFERENCES
Index