The focus here is on the Chinese speaking Muslims known as the Hui or Huihui, their religion and communities being found mainly in northwest and southeast China. The contents include papers on the conflict between Muslim groups, and between Muslims and the Chinese state in imperial times, culminating in the communal violence and rebellion of the 1860s. Other subjects include the contact between Christian missionaries and Muslims, Japan’s policies towards the Hui Muslims during the Second World War, and the Chinese Communist Party’s policy on national minorities as it affects Muslims. Islam has had a presence in China since the earliest years of the religion, initially with the itinerant populations of traders and diplomats from the heartland of the Islamic world on the periphery of China. Subsequently, migration and intermarriage created settled communities.