Diversity of the plant genetic resources plays a key role in agricultural development. Systematic identification, characterization, and evaluation of this diversity are a pre-requisite for its scientific management. The advent of the Convention on Biological Diversity led to a paradigm shift from genetic resources being considered as common heritage of mankind to sovereign rights of nations. Additionally, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the new intellectual property right regimes have made issues related to access and benefit sharing of plant genetic resources, a much discussed and debated topic. This book is an anthology of issues pertaining to access to plant genetic resources, phthyosanitation and international developments, genetic erosion, germplasm conservation, germplasm evaluation and utilization, national policy on plant genetic resources, action plan and implementation strategies. It will serve as a useful reference to a range of stakeholders such as researchers, teachers, students and policy makers.