An evidence-based text-reference on pain management for nurse practitioners and physician assistants. More than 40M experience chronic pain in the US. Few resources are currently available that are designed to provide clinical guidance for those 40M suffering from chronic pain for NPs and PAs. The two authors of this proposal, one an NP and one an MD, speak and write collaboratively, and are nationally-recognized experts on the topic of clinical pain management. This comprenhensive book will go from the general to the specific, introducing the mid-level practitioner to the topic, reviewing the role/responsibilities and legal considerations of pain management in primary care, covering pain pathophysiology, pain assessment and pain medications, addressing the management of clients with special needs (i.e. sports medicine pts., neuropathic pain, orthopedic injuries, oncology pain, and finishing with the challenging situations where substance abuse is involved.