KENNETH CLARK LANDSCAPE INTO ART JOHN MURRAY 50 Albemarle St London FIRST EDITION 1949 SECOND PRINTING 1950 THIRD PRINTING 1952 The wrapper illustration is from a design painted ly Graham Sutherland for the author in 1940. Printed in Great Britain by R. R. CM, Ltd., Edinburgh, with illustrations reproduced and printed byj. Swain Son, Ltd., Barnet, Bound by Hunter Foulis, Ltd., Edinburgh and published by John Murray Publishers Ltd., London 75 TO MAURICE BOWRA 6441577 Contents PAGE INTRODUCTION Xvii CHAP. I. THE LANDSCAPE OF SYMBOLS I II. THE LANDSCAPE OF FACT l6 III. LANDSCAPE OF FANTASY 36 IV. IDEAL LANDSCAPE 54-V. THE NATURAL VISION 74 VI. THE NORTHERN LIGHTS 97 VII. THE RETURN TO ORDER 112 EPILOGUE 131 ILLUSTRATIONS between pp. 144. and 145 INDEX 145 Vll Illustrations i. HELLENISTIC FRESCO. 20. THE CANTERBURY PSALTER c. 1150. 2k THE UTRECHT PSALTER Ninth Century. 3 z. FRENCH TAPESTRY c. 1510. 3 ft. MOSAIC Twelfth Century. 4. SIMONE MARTINI. 5. FRESCOES OF c. 1343. 60. LITRE DE CHASSE DE GASTON PH BUS c. 14.00. 6b. GOTHIC SCULPTURE c. 1293. 7. STEFANO DA ZEVIO. 8. GIOVANNI DI PAOLO. 9. UNKNOWN FLORENTINE c. 1410. 10. BENOZZO GOZZOLI. 11. COLOGNE SCHOOL c. 1410. The Boat of Ulysses drawn to the Island of Circe. Vatican, Museo Profane. Illustration to the Psalm Usquequo Domine. Cambridge, Trinity College. Illustration to the same Psalm. Utrecht, University Library. La Dame a la Licorne. Paris, Musle de Cluny. Palermo, Cappella Palatina. Title Page of Petrarchs Virgil. Milan, Bibloteca Ambrosiana. Bird Catchers Avign Palace Rabbits. UL U. tO-W WJLJ. W Jb J Avignon, Chambre des Cerfs, Papal Palace. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationak. Foliage Capitals. Southwell Minster, Chapter House. Madonna ina Rose Garden. Verona, The Castello. The Young St. John going out into the Wilderness. London, National Gallery. The Thebaid. JUffizi. The Journey of the Magi. Florence, Chapel ojthe Palazzo Medici-RiccardL Paradise Garden. Frankfurt. IX ILLUSTRATIONS 12. VAN EYCK. i2b. THE LIMBOURG BROTHERS. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. Landing of Duke William of Bavaria, from The Hours of Turin . Destroyed. The Temptation and Expulsion, from the Trs Riches Heures du Due de Berry . Chantilly. Scenes from the Calendar of the Trs Riches Heures du Due de Berry . Chantilly. Occupations of the Months. Trent, Castello del Buonconsiglio. The Hunt in the Wood detail. Oxford, Ashmolean Museum. The Madonna of the Chancellor Rollin detail. Louvre. St. Barbara unfinished panel. Antwerp. View of Arco. Louvre. The Miraculous Draught of Fishes. Geneva, Musle des Beaux Arts. ANTONELLO DA MESSINA. Crucifixion. Hermannstadt Transylvania. Martyrdom of St. Sebastian detail of landscape. London, National Gallery. The Rape of Dejanira. New Haven, U. S. A., Jarves Collection. Reverse of the Montefeltro Portraits details of landscapes, Uffizi. Madonna of the Meadow detail. London, National Gallery. Resurrection. Berlin. St. Francis in the Wilderness. New York, Frick Collection. The Portinari Altar-piece detail. Uffizi. Winter, the Dark Day. Vienna, Gemaldegalerie. 13. THE LIMBOURG BROTHERS. 14. UNKNOWN PAINTER c. 1415-15. PAOLO UCCELLO. 1 6. JAN VAN EYCK. 17. JAN VAN EYCK. iSa. DtfRBR. i8i. KONRAD WITZ. 19. 20. POLLAIUOLO, POLLATCJOLO. PIERO DELIA FRANCESCA. GIOVANNI BELLINI. GIOVANNI BELLINI. GIOVANNI BELLINI. HUGO VAN DER GOES. PDBTER BREUGHEL. 28. REMBRANDT. A Canal with a Rowing Boat drawing. Chatsworth, the Duke ofDevonshire. ILLUSTRATIONS 29. JACOB VAN RVYSDAEL. The Banks of a River. Edinburgh, National Gallery of Scotland. 30. DftRER. Fishermans Hut on a Lake water colour. London, British Museum. 31. PIETER SAENRBDAM. Old Town Hall, Amsterdam. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum. 32. JACOB VAN RUYSDAEL. View Near Haarlem. London, National Gallery. 33. THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH. Mr. and Mrs. Andrewes detail. Andrewes Collection. 34. GR NEWALD. Isenheim Altar wing, Temptations of St. Anthony. Colmar, Museum. 35. GRUNEWALD. Isenheim Altar wing, The Two Hermits. Colmar, Museum. 36. ALTDOREER...