This book aims to look into countries’ national financial behaviors and their attributes under the modern financial system and explore several important themes regarding national finance. Different from the commonly referred to finance discipline which studies financial affairs in general, national finance focuses on the most essential and immediate issues pertaining to a country’s financial development: After a country designs its top-level financial layout and chooses a regulatory regime, how should it lead its domestic finance to develop and overtake? How should a country’s financial system respond to the worldwide rapid development of hi-techs? How to guard against and cope with systemic or regional financial risks? How should a country participate in the construction and promotion of a new international financial order amid international financial powers? These are all questions national finance as a subject must address at the highest level.