This book examines the current state of the art, new challenges and opportunities in the field of nanomaterials with a focus on nanodiamonds, diamond nanowires, Csp2 nanoobjects, metallic nanostructures, conductive polymer nanostructures and nanocomposites and micro/nano carbon fiber/carbon nanotube composites. The emphasis of the book is on surface chemistry having a central role in the applications of the said nanomaterials which encompass composites, biomaterials, sensors, catalysts, separative hybrid materials and so on. The handpicked selection of topics and expert contributors across the globe make this survey an outstanding resource reference for anyone involved in the field of design of advanced nanomaterials with tunable surface chemical and physicochemical properties. This book will be of interest to academic and industrial researchers, Master and PhD students, and post docs active in the domain of surface chemistry for modification and application of nanomaterials, and to those who are already active in the science and technology of nanomaterials but who would like to have a deeper insight into the strategies for chemically modifying nanomaterials.