This essential overview for history students and general readers introduces and analyses the dynamics and relationships of the various social groups or classes of 19th century France - the nobility, bourgeoisie, elites, middle classes, and petty bourgeoisie. Professor Charles explores the hierarchies, cultural and economic influences, and the failures and successes of each social system. He integrates the many political, ideological and economic interpretations of the period - cited in a comprehensive bibliography - into a coherent and balanced contemporary view.

Translated by: Miriam Kochan