This volume is the result of the Summer School on Mass Transportation Methods in Kinetic Theory and Hydrodynamics held in Ponta Delgada (Azores, Portugal). It contains both survey and research articles on methods of optimal mass transport and applications in physics. Among the many important contributors are L. Caffarelli, M. Loss, and C. Villani. The material is suitable for graduate students and research mathematicians interested in methods of mass transport.