In November 1937, Ishii Itaro, head of the Japanese Foreign Ministry's Bureau of Asiatic Affairs, reflected bitterly on the decline of the Ministry's influence in China and his own long and debilitating struggle to guide China policy. Ishii was the most notable member of a group of middle-level diplomats who, having served in China, strongly advocated that Japan must adopt policies in harmony with China's rising nationalism and national interests. This volume profiles this distinct strain of ""China service diplomat"", while providing a comprehensive look at the institutional history and internal dynamics of the Japanese foreign ministry and its handling of China affairs in the years leading up to and through World War II. Moving from an examination of a wide range of primary sources, including the archives of the Japanese Foreign Ministry, memoirs, diaries and speeches, the author offers integrated interpretations of Japanese imperialism, diplomacy, and the bureaucratic restructuring of the 1930s that was fundamental to Japan's version of fascism and the move toward war.