This text blends economic theory with empirical evidence to chart business development over the last two centuries in the UK, the United States, Japan and Australia. It addresses enduring concerns for entrepreneurs and managers and demonstrates the value of an historical perspective from which to judge present day issues. Each chapter considers an issue of current significance, introduces theories to illuminate the topic, and discusses historical evidence and debates. Also included are relevant case studies and original documents. Discussion questions, statistical tables, and further reading are appended to each chapter.