This study outlines how the Netherlands had an outsized impact on the early development of Russia into a Great Power in the course of the seventeenth century. Although this influence is usually associated with Peter the Great’s reign, the author argues that much of it predates Peter’s accession to the tsarist throne. This book explores the origins and development of the narrow ties the United Provinces (Dutch Republic) and the Russian Empire maintained in the early modern age, weighing their political, military, economic, and cultural significance for world history.