Technological advances in X-ray astronomy have recently led to the discovery of a large number of previously undetected accreting binaries, increasing by an order of magnitude their known population in the Galaxy. This meeting addressed the current state of observational and theoretical research into the X-ray binary population as a whole, including both well-studied systems and the newly discovered populations, and examined the interaction of X-ray binaries with their environment within our own Galaxy and in external galaxies.