The Syrian Civil War started in March 2011 and still continues. It causes death, turmoil, humanitarian crisis, and mass migration in the region. Numerous state and non-state actors are involved in this multi-sided armed conflict. On 24 November 2015, Turkey shoots down a Russian fighter jet on its border and this event becomes the turning point in Russo–Turkish relations. An economic and psychological war starts between Moscow and Ankara which damages their good relations existed before the crisis. Despite the crisis, the sides to the conflict understand that they need each other for their own benefits and look for reconciliation. Russia, a supporter of the Assad government in Syria, does not want to lose Turkey as a friend. Turkey, an energy partner of Russia, needs Russia to balance the power relations in the region. They are two neighboring countries with strong historical socio-economic ties that need to be restored. The reconciliation process is not easy and requires some third party role. The PYD/YPG-centered US policy in Syria affects Turkey’s strategies.

Contributions by: Ilyas Topsakal, Sergey Kizima, Chulpan Ildarhanova, Lasha Tchantouridzé, Funda Civelekoglu, Kamala Valiyeva, Cemre Pekcan, Tugce Varol, Sean Byrne, Soner Karagül, Stefan Brooks, Abulfaz Suleymanov, Ibrahim Arslan, Mithat Baydur, Togrul Ismayil, Ali Askerov