This book is an exposition of what is currently known about the fundamental groups of compact Kahler manifolds. This class of groups contains all finite groups and is strictly smaller than the class of all finitely presentable groups. For the first time ever, this book collects together all the results obtained in the last few years which aim to characterise those infinite groups which can arise as fundamental groups of compact Kahler manifolds. Most of these results are negative ones, saying which groups do not arise. They are proved using Hodge theory and its combinations with rational homotopy theory, with $L^2$-cohomology, with the theory of harmonic maps, and with gauge theory.There are a number of positive results as well, exhibiting interesting groups as fundamental groups of Kahler manifolds, in fact, of smooth complex projective varieties. The methods and techniques used form an attractive mix of topology, differential and algebraic geometry, and complex analysis. The book would be useful to researchers and graduate students interested in any of these areas, and it could be used as a textbook for an advanced graduate course. One of its outstanding features is a large number of concrete examples. The book contains a number of new results and examples which have not appeared elsewhere, as well as discussions of some important open questions in the field.