Translation as a cognitive activity has been studied in increasing depth since the 1960s. It is now of central concern. This book revisits, summarizes and develops cognitive research in translation, documenting how it has been one of the most productive empirical-experimental subfields in the discipline of Translation Studies. The book discusses translation as a cognitive activity, both theoretically and methodologically, from the pioneering use of think-aloud protocols to the latest developments, including the combined use of key logging, eye tracking and other computer tools. The chapters situate translation in dialogue with neighbouring disciplines, such as Cognitive Science, Expertise Studies and Psycholinguistics, and focus on reflections about the translation process as well as on considerations about translation competence. Finally, a focus on the development of empirical-experimental research in the subfield brings the state of the art about translation as a cognitive activity.