The study of teeth is an important key to the biology and culture of past and living populations. Their extreme hardness, their numerous and highly heritable characteristics and their susceptibility to environmental responses allow inferences of human evolution, adaptation, living conditions, environments, group affinity, kinship and the life and death of single persons. This has been gradually discovered during the last thirty years, and it lead to the formation of the new field of dental anthropology. It is rooted in biology and has strong ties to dentistry, forensics and the humanities. This book gives a comprehensive view of this new field of dental anthropology. It provides a basic introduction as well as a reference for the specialist in anthropology, forensics, ecology, paleontology and dentistry. Most aspects are completely new, particularly the syntheses. The basic experience and literature is of a broad international and multilingual origin.