Beginning with tribal wars among Native Americans before Europeans settled Texas and continuing through the Civil War, the soil of what would become the Lone Star State has frequently been stained by the blood of those contesting for control of its resources. In subsequent years and continuing to the present, its citizens have often taken up arms beyond its borders in pursuit of political values and national defense. Although historians have studied the role of the state and its people in war for well over a century, a wealth of topics remain that deserve greater attention: Tejanos in World War II, the common Texas soldier’s interaction with foreign enemies, the perception of Texas warriors throughout the world, the role of religion among Texans who fight or contemplate fighting, controversial paramilitary groups in Texas, the role and effects of Texans’ ethnicity, culture, and gender during wartime, to name a few. In Texans at War , fourteen scholars provide new studies, perspectives, and historiographies to extend the understanding of this important field. One of the largest collections of original scholarship on this topic to date, Texans and War will stimulate useful conversation and research among historians, students, and interested general readers. In addition, the breadth and originality of its contributions provide a solid overview of emerging perspectives on the military history and historiography of Texas and the region. CONTENTS List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 Alexander Mendoza and Charles David Grear PART I. Texans Fighting through Time: Thematic Topics 1. The Indian Wars of Texas: A Lipan Apache Perspective 17 Thomas A Britten 2. Tejanos at War: A History of Mexican Texans in American Wars 38 Alexander Mendoza 3. Texas Women at War 69 Melanie A Kirkland 4. The Influence of War and Military Service on African Texans 97 Alwyn Barr 5. The Patriot-Warrior Mystique: John S. Brooks, Walter P. Lane, Samuel H. Walker, and the Adventurous Quest for Renown 113 Jimmy L. Bryan Jr. 6. ""All Eyes of Texas Are on Comal County"": German Texans' Loyalty during the Civil War and World War I 133 Charles David Grear PART II. Wars in Texas History: Chronological Conflicts 7. Between Imperial Warfare: Crossing of the Smuggling Frontier and Transatlantic Commerce on the Louisiana-Texas Borderlands, 1754-1785 157 Francis X. Galan 8. The Mexican-American War: Reflections on an Overlooked Conflict 178 Kendall Milton 9. The Prolonged War: Texans Struggle to Win the Civil War during Reconstruction 196 Kenneth W. Howell 10. The Texas lmmunes in the Spanish-American War 213 James M. McCaffrey 11. Surveillance on the Border: American Intelligence and the Tejano Community during World War I 227 Jose A. Ramirez 12. Texan Prisoners of the Japanese: A Study in Survival 248 Kelly E. Crager 13. Lyndon B. Johnson's Bitch of a War: An Antiwar Essay 269 James M. Smallwood 14. Black Paradox in the Age of Terrorism: Military Patriotism or Higher Education? 283 Ronald E. Goodwin Contributors 297 Index 301