1896. The series of papers collected in this volume may be considered as a compliment or commentary to my Essay on Classification, since I have endeavored to present here in a more popular form the views first expressed in that work. And although the direct intention of these pages has been, as their title indicates, to give some general hints to young students as to the methods by which scientific truth has been reached, including a general sketch of the history of science in past times, yet I have also wished to avail myself of this opportunity to enter my earnest protest against the transmutation theory, revived of late with so much ability, and so generally received. It is my belief that naturalists are chasing a phantom, in their search after some material gradation among created beings, by which the whole animal Kingdom may have been derived by successive development from a single germ, or from a few germs...the resources of the Deity cannot be so meager, that, in order to create a human being endowed with reason, he must change a monkey into a man.