1903. Contents: What the Middle Ages Started With; The Addition of Christianity; The German Conquest and the Fall of Rome; What the Germans Added; The Formation of the Papacy; The Franks and Charlemagne; After Charlemagne; The Feudal System; The Empire and the Papacy; The Crusades; The Growth of Commerce and Its Results; The Formation of France; England and the other States; The Renaissance; The Papacy in the New Age; and The Reformation.