This succinct introduction to the fundamental physical principles of turbulence provides a modern perspective through statistical theory, experiments, and high-fidelity numerical simulations. It describes classical concepts of turbulence and offers new computational perspectives on their interpretation based on numerical simulation databases, introducing students to phenomena at a wide range of scales. Unique, practical, multi-part physics-based exercises use realistic data of canonical turbulent flows developed by the Stanford Center for Turbulence Research to equip students with hands-on experience with practical and predictive analysis tools. Over 20 case studies spanning real-world settings such as wind farms and airplanes, color illustrations, and color-coded pedagogy support student learning. Accompanied by downloadable datasets, and solutions for instructors, this is the ideal introduction for students in aerospace, civil, environmental, and mechanical engineering and the physical sciences studying a graduate-level one-semester course on turbulence, advanced fluid mechanics, and turbulence simulation.