This book contains refereed papers presented at the AMS-IMS-SIAM Summer Research Conference on the Penrose Transform and Analytic Cohomology in Representation Theory held in the summer of 1992 at Mount Holyoke College. The conference brought together some of the top experts in representation theory and differential geometry. One of the issues explored at the conference was the fact that various integral transforms from representation theory, complex integral geometry, and mathematical physics appear to be instances of the same general construction, which is sometimes called the 'Penrose transform'. There is considerable scope for further research in this area, and this book serves as an excellent introduction.