n May 1619, the Finnish astrologer Sigfridus Aronus Forsius (d. 1624) was examined by clerical authorities. In the verdict, astrology was rejected as a pagan craft, forbidden for anyone who wanted to be called a Christian. Still astrology was inseparable from the scholarly conception of the world. The principles of astral influence were indispensable in physical theory and in medical practice. In the Reformation debate, astrology had also been used as a prophetic method, revealing the Word of God as it was displayed in the Book of Nature. Some of the orthodox critics of astrology in Sweden had even practiced the art themselves and gained abundant maintenance from it. Foremost among them was Laurentius Paulinus Gothus (1565-1646), the grave and vehemently orthodox bishop of Strängnäs, who as an academic in the 1590s had published astrological prognostications. Challenging the view of how clergymen of the Reformation contributed to the so-called disenchantment of the world by rejecting astrology and other occult sciences, this book offers new perspectives on early modern intellectual debate. With focus on the issue of astrology, the displacement of the limits between allowable and illicit knowledge in the orthodox, Lutheran discourse, is set in context of social and political change in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth century Sweden.