This text is a multidisciplinary examination of health care systems in a diverse group of countries. Major concepts, perspectives, and issues are introduced, defined, and used as the basis for initial analysis. The demographic, social, economic, and health care status of each country is summarized. Each of the thirteen countries is described and analyzed in considerable detail. The health care system effectiveness of each country is compared using cultural, political, social, and economic criteria. The most successful features of each health care system are highlighted and summarized as a basis for recommending reforms.