Tekijä: Christine Arnold; Mark N. Franklin Kustantaja: Taylor & Francis Ltd (2013) Saatavuus: | Arvioimme, että tuote lähetetään meiltä noin 1-3 viikossa
Tekijä: Justin Fisher; Edward Fieldhouse; Mark N. Franklin; Rachel Gibson; Marta Cantijoch; Christopher Wlezien Kustantaja: Taylor & Francis Ltd (2017) Saatavuus: Noin 11-14 arkipäivää
Tekijä: Christine Arnold; Mark N. Franklin Kustantaja: Taylor & Francis Ltd (2018) Saatavuus: | Arvioimme, että tuote lähetetään meiltä noin 1-3 viikossa
Tekijä: Justin Fisher; Edward Fieldhouse; Mark N. Franklin; Rachel Gibson; Marta Cantijoch; Christopher Wlezien Kustantaja: Taylor & Francis Ltd (2020) Saatavuus: | Arvioimme, että tuote lähetetään meiltä noin 1-3 viikossa
Voting is a habit. People learn the habit of voting, or not, based on experience in their first few elections. Elections that do not stimulate high turnout among young adults leave a 'footprint' of low turnout in the age structure of the electorate as many individuals who were new at those elections fail to vote at subsequent elections. Elections that stimulate high turnout leave a high turnout footprint. So a country's turnout history provides a baseline for current turnout that is largely set, except for young adults. This baseline shifts as older generations leave the electorate and as changes in political and institutional circumstances affect the turnout of new generations. Among the changes that have affected turnout in recent years, the lowering of the voting age in most established democracies has been particularly important in creating a low turnout footprint that has grown with each election.
