This volume is the Proceedings of the international conference on Probability and Number Theory held at Kanazawa, Japan, in June 2005, and includes several survey articles on probabilistic number theory, and research papers on various recent topics around the border area between probability theory and number theory. This volume is useful for all researchers and graduate students who are interested in probability theory and number theory.Published by Mathematical Society of Japan and distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. for all markets except North America