This encyclopedia presents important research on the Middle East. Some of the topics discussed herein include Iran's ballistic missile and space launch programs; Iran sanctions; politics, governance, and human rights in Iraq; the Israel-Hezbollah conflict; reform, security and U.S. policies of Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, The United Arab Emirates, and Yemen; and security, and U.S. trade and investment in the Middle East and North Africa.