International investment law has become one of fastest growing fields in international law. Numerous arbitral decisions have been focused on interpreting the relevant substantive protections guaranteed by international investment law and other related questions. This book examines concisely the scope of each substantive protection, highlighting the ongoing controversies and serving as a guide to the leading cases on these protections. Each chapter of the book is dedicated to a different substantive protection in international investment law, namely: (i) expropriation; (ii) fair and equitable treatment; (iii) full protection and security (iv) free transfer of funds; (v) umbrella clauses; (vi) national treatment; (vii) most-favoured-nation treatment. Within this framework, the critical issues at play within each protection are explained and the main cases are reviewed. Each reviewed case benefits from a concise summary of the facts and the relevant parts of the decision being highlighted. Clear and comprehensive, this is required reading for all students and practitioners in the field.